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Accounting concepts, conventions, Going Concern, Accrual, Consistency, Prudence.
Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Subsidiary Books, Rectification of Errors, Suspense Account.
Cash Book vs Pass Book, timing differences, BRS numericals, overdraft BRS.
AS-2, FIFO, Weighted Average, NRV, cost components, periodic vs perpetual system.
SLM, WDV, disposal of assets, change in method, Provision for Depreciation A/c.
Discounting, endorsement, dishonour, renewal, retirement, accommodation bills.
Trading A/c, P&L A/c, Balance Sheet, all adjustments, Manufacturing A/c.
Single Entry, Statement of Affairs, Debtors A/c, Creditors A/c, Net Profit by Comparison.
R&P Account, Income & Expenditure, Balance Sheet, Subscriptions, Specific Funds.
Sacrificing ratio, gaining ratio, goodwill valuation, WCR, IFR, revaluation.
Deed, Fixed vs Fluctuating Capital, P&L Appropriation, IOC, IOD, Salary, Guarantee.
New PSR, Sacrificing Ratio, Goodwill, Revaluation, Hidden Goodwill, Capital Adjustment.
Gaining Ratio, Goodwill on Retirement, Revaluation, JLP Methods, Executor Account, Profit till Date of Death.
Realisation Account, Settlement Order, Insolvency, Garner vs Murray Rule, Piecemeal Distribution.
Constitution, Regulatory Bodies, RBI · SEBI · IRDAI · CCI, Companies Act, Delegated Legislation & Sources of Law.
Offer, Acceptance, Consideration, Capacity, Free Consent, Void Agreements, Performance, Discharge, Special Contracts.
Sale vs. Agreement to Sell, Conditions & Warranties, Transfer of Property, Unpaid Seller's Rights, Auction Sale.
Nature of Partnership, Registration, Rights & Duties of Partners, Dissolution, Minor as Partner.
LLP vs. Partnership vs. Company, Incorporation, Designated Partners, Contribution, Winding Up.
Types of Companies, Incorporation, MOA & AOA, Share Capital, Directors, Meetings, NCLT.
Promissory Note, Bill of Exchange, Cheque, Holder in Due Course, Dishonour & Notice, Crossing.
Meaning of Economics, definitions of Business Economics, Joel Dean, Nature (Science/Art/Normative/Pragmatic), Scope — Internal & External issues, Micro vs Macro, difference table.
Law of Demand, demand curve, determinants, shift vs movement, individual vs market demand, Giffen goods, Veblen goods, speculative demand, consumer surplus.
Law of Supply, supply curve, market equilibrium, surplus & shortage, price ceiling, price floor, MSP, rent control, producer surplus.
PED, YED, XED, elasticity of supply, demand forecasting methods — survey, statistical, trend projection, regression, Delphi.
Explicit vs implicit cost, fixed vs variable, AC, AVC, AFC, MC, TC — relationships, short-run curves, LAC envelope, economies of scale.
Production meaning & utility types · Factors of production (Land, Labour, Capital, Entrepreneur) · Production function · TP, AP, MP · Law of Variable Proportions · Returns to Scale · Isoquants & Isocost.
Market meaning & classification · TR, AR, MR · MR–elasticity formula · Shut-down & profit-maximisation principles · Perfect competition, Monopoly, Monopolistic competition, Oligopoly.
Equilibrium price & quantity · Stable equilibrium · Changes in demand & supply · Simultaneous D & S shifts · ICAI Illustration 1.
Perfect Competition · Monopoly · Monopolistic Competition · Oligopoly · Price discrimination · Kinked demand curve · Price leadership.
Phases of business cycle · Peak, Trough, Expansion, Contraction · Leading, Lagging & Coincident indicators · Theories: Hawtrey, Pigou, Schumpeter · Great Depression 1929 · 2008 Global Crisis.
GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP · Nominal vs Real GDP · GDP Deflator · Factor cost vs Market price · Personal & Disposable Income · Value Added, Income & Expenditure Methods · ICAI Numericals.
Consumption function C=a+bY · MPC, MPS, APC, APS · Two, Three & Four Sector Models · Investment Multiplier · Deflationary & Inflationary Gap · ICAI Numericals.
Musgrave three-branch taxonomy · Allocation, Redistribution & Stabilization functions · Market failures · Fiscal federalism · Finance Commission · GST (CGST/SGST/IGST) · Centre & State tax powers.
Types of market failure · Externalities (positive & negative) · Public goods · Asymmetric information · Adverse selection · Moral hazard · Pigouvian taxes · Cap-and-trade · Merit & demerit goods · Government failure.
Government budget · Article 112 · Guillotine · Appropriation Bill · Revenue, Fiscal & Primary Deficit · FRBM Act · Public Debt Management · Expansionary & Contractionary Fiscal Policy · Crowding Out · Fiscal Policy Lags.
Definition & functions of money · Fiat money · Fisher’s MV=PT · Cambridge Md=kPY · Keynes’ Liquidity Preference (3 motives) · Liquidity Trap · Baumol-Tobin Square Root Rule · Friedman’s Restatement · Tobin’s Portfolio Approach.
Money supply definition · M1 M2 M3 M4 measures · High-powered money · Credit multiplier · Money multiplier formula · Sources of money supply · CRR & excess reserves · OMO · WMA/OD · Currency-deposit ratio · CBDC & Digital Rupee.
Monetary policy definition · Three-component framework · Objectives · Transmission channels (saving, cash-flow, asset price, exchange rate) · CRR & SLR · Repo, Reverse Repo & MSF rates · LAF corridor · OMO · MSS · MPC · Inflation targeting · MPFA.
Theories of trade (Mercantilism, Absolute Advantage, Comparative Advantage, H-O) · Tariffs (specific, ad valorem, MFN, bound, applied, TRQ, escalated, anti-dumping, CVD) · Non-Tariff Measures · SPS & TBT · Import quotas · Dumping · VERs · Export subsidies · India FTA & CEPA.
Types of RTAs (FTA, Customs Union, Common Market, EMU) · GATT history & why it failed · Uruguay Round · WTO structure & 6 objectives · MFN & National Treatment · WTO agreements (Agriculture, SPS, TBT, TRIMs, TRIPS, GATS, Anti-Dumping, Safeguards) · Doha Round · G20 trade.
Exchange rate definition · Fixed vs Floating vs Managed Float · Direct & Indirect quotes · Spot & Forward rates · Vehicle currency · Nominal vs Real Exchange Rate · REER · Forex market players · Appreciation vs Depreciation vs Devaluation · Impact on exports, imports, inflation, ECBs, FDI & fiscal health.
Types of foreign capital · FDI definition & 10% threshold · 3 FDI components · Horizontal, Vertical & Conglomerate FDI · FPI vs FDI (8 differences) · Greenfield vs Brownfield · 7 modes of FDI · Reasons for FDI · Host country determinants · 15 Benefits & 16 Problems of FDI · FDI in India.
Pre-British India · Colonial impact on agriculture & industry · Hindu growth rate · Green Revolution · Bank nationalisation · 1991 crisis triggers · LPG reforms · License Raj abolition · SEBI · NITI Aayog · Primary, Secondary & Tertiary sectors · PM-KISAN · MSP · PLI · Make in India · E-NAM · GDP growth 1991-2021.
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